Συχνές Ερωτήσεις για το FreeBSD 6.`X` και 7.`X`

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
faq
handbook
/usr/share/locale
en_US.ISO8859-1
bn_BD.ISO10646-1
da_DK.ISO8859-1
de_DE.ISO8859-1
es_ES.ISO8859-1
fr_FR.ISO8859-1
hu_HU.ISO8859-2
it_IT.ISO8859-15
ja_JP.eucJP
mn_MN.UTF-8
nl_NL.ISO8859-1
pl_PL.ISO8859-2
pt_BR.ISO8859-1
ru_RU.KOI8-R
sr_YU.ISO8859-2
tr_TR.ISO8859-9
zh_CN.GB2312
zh_TW.Big5
html-split
html
pdb
pdf
ps
rtf
txt
html-split
.tar
book.μορφή
book.pdb
book.html
zip
archivers/unzip
bz2
archivers/bzip2
book.ps.bz2
handbook/
packages
όνομα-κειμένου.γλώσσα.κωδικοποίηση.μορφή.tgz
faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf.tgz
# pkg_add ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/packages/faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf.tgz

# pkg_info -f faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf
Information for faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf:

Packing list:
    Package name: faq.en_US.ISO8859-1.pdf
    CWD to /usr/share/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq
File: book.pdf
    CWD to .
File: +COMMENT (ignored)
File: +DESC (ignored)

book.pdf
/usr/share/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq
doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2
# fetch ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2
# bzip2 -d book.html-split.tar.bz2
# tar xvf book.html-split.tar

.html
index.html
#FreeBSD
irc.chat.org
#FreeBSDhelp
#FreeBSD
##FreeBSD
lang
#FreeBSD
irc.dal.net
irc.eu.dal.net
#FreeBSDHelp
irc.dal.net
irc.eu.dal.net
#FreeBSD
us.undernet.org
eu.undernet.org
#FreeBSD
#BSDChat
Missing Operating System
Probing Devices...
panic: can't mount root
archsw.readin.failed
floppies/boot.flp
floppies/kern1.flp
floppies/kern2.flp
fdimage
copy
copy
fdimage
rawrite
bootinst.exe
...\TOOLS> bootinst.exe boot.bin

Fixit# fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 bootdevice

bootdevice
ad0
ad4
da0
boot1
boot2
Dangerously Dedicated
165
166
boot1
boot2
boot1
boot2
# disklabel -B -b boot1 -s boot2 ad0sn

n
OpenBSD
fdimage
rawrite
N
N
M
pfdisk.exe
tools
Missing Operating System
base
sys
/usr/src
/etc/login.conf
Probing
Devices...
panic: can't mount root
Booting kernel in 10 seconds; hit [Enter] to interrupt
set root_disk_unit="disk_number"
disk_number
0
1
2
3
boot
root_disk_unit="disk_number "
/boot/loader.conf.local
options       PAE

archsw.readin.failed
make buildworld
make buildkernel
OK

unset acpi_load

boot

cdrecord
pass
scbus0
da0
ppbus0
vp0
vp0
/dev/da0s4
mount /dev/da0s4 /mnt
mount_msdos /dev/da0s4 /mnt
sh
csh
/etc/rc.conf
/dev/kbd0
/dev/kbd1
/dev/ukbd0
# kbdcontrol -k /dev/kbd1 < /dev/ttyv0 > /dev/null

/dev/ukbd0
# kbdcontrol -k /dev/ukbd0 < /dev/ttyv0 > /dev/null

/etc/rc.i386
device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c irq5

psm
device psm0 at atkbdc? irq 12

psm0
psm0
/dev
# cd /dev; sh MAKEDEV psm0

root
/dev
# moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy
# vidcontrol -m on

xxxx
yyyy
auto
moused_enable="YES"
/etc/rc.conf
allscreens_flags="-m on"
/etc/rc.conf
sh
csh
.shrc
bind ^? ed-delete-next-char # for console
bind ^[[3~ ed-delete-next-char # for xterm

.cshrc
bindkey ^? delete-char # for console
bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xterm

comms/ltmdm
comms/mwavem
options
COMCONSOLE
/boot.config
/usr/src/sys/i386/boot/biosboot/README.serial
# mixer pcm 100 vol 100 cd 100

hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"

/boot/device.hints
device cbb
device pccard
device cardbus

device pcic
device card 1

ed1: timeout
Signal 11
Fatal trap 12: page fault in kernel mode
panic:
kmem_map too
small!
/kernel: proc: table is full
CMAP busy
ahc0: brkadrint, Illegal Host Access at seqaddr
0x0
ahc0: illegal cable configuration
mail loops back to
myself
calcru: negative time...
unknown
nlist failed
top
systat
ssh
telnet
stray
(περιπλανώμενου) IRQ
file: table is full
Read error
swap_pager: indefinite wait buffer:
lock
order reversal
Called ... with the following non-sleepable locks
held
touch: not found
root
# camcontrol modepage sd0 -m 1 -e -P 3

AWRE (Auto Write Reallocation Enbld):  1
ARRE (Auto Read Reallocation Enbld):  1

EISA_SLOTS
eisa 12
quit

dangerously dedicated (επικίνδυνα αφοσιωμένη)
ed1: timeout
3c5x9.exe
Signal 11
ls.c
ls.o
Fatal trap 12: page fault in kernel
mode
panic:
2e8
sio0
sio1
sio2
sio3
/usr/src/sys/i386/isa/sio.c
0x2e8
options "MAXMEM=n"
n
131072
kmem_map too small!
/kernel: proc: table is full
MAXUSERS
MAXUSERS
MAXUSERS
MAXUSERS
/boot/loader.conf
/etc/sysctl.conf
CMAP busy
/var/db/kvm_*.db
# rm /var/db/kvm_*.db

ahc0: brkadrint, Illegal Host Access at seqaddr 0x0
uha0
ahc0: illegal cable
configuration
mail loops back to
myself
send usenet/news.answers/mail/sendmail-faq
cons25
ansi
sco
vt100
cons25
xterm
rxvt
xterm
vt100
calcru: negative time...
# sysctl -w kern.timecounter.method=1

sysctl
NTIMECOUNTER
NTIMECOUNTER=20
unknown
[]
# pnpinfo
Checking for Plug-n-Play devices...

Card assigned CSN #1
Vendor ID PMC2430 (0x3024a341), Serial Number 0xffffffff
PnP Version 1.0, Vendor Version 0
Device Description: Pace 56 Voice Internal Plug & Play Modem

Logical Device ID: PMC2430 0x3024a341 #0
    Device supports I/O Range Check
TAG Start DF
    I/O Range 0x3f8 .. 0x3f8, alignment 0x8, len 0x8
    [16-bit addr]
    IRQ: 4  - only one type (true/edge)

TAG End DF
End Tag

Successfully got 31 resources, 1 logical fdevs
-- card select # 0x0001

CSN PMC2430 (0x3024a341), Serial Number 0xffffffff

Logical device #0
IO:  0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8
IRQ 5 0
DMA 4 0
IO range check 0x00 activate 0x01

pciconf -vl
# pciconf -vl
chip1@pci0:31:5:        class=0x040100 card=0x00931028 chip=0x24158086 rev=0x02 hdr=0x00
    vendor   = 'Intel Corporation'
    device   = '82801AA 8xx Chipset AC'97 Audio Controller'
    class    = multimedia
    subclass = audio

/usr/src/sys/isa/sio.c
sio.c
sio.c
static struct isa_pnp_id sio_ids[] = {

{0x0f804f3f, NULL},     /* OZO800f - Zoom 2812 (56k Modem) */
{0x39804f3f, NULL},     /* OZO8039 - Zoom 56k flex */
{0x3024a341, NULL},     /* PMC2430 - Pace 56 Voice Internal Modem */
{0x1000eb49, NULL},     /* ROK0010 - Rockwell ? */
{0x5002734a, NULL},     /* RSS0250 - 5614Jx3(G) Internal Modem */

sio
nlist failed
top
systat
installworld
/usr/src/UPDATING
/boot/loader
/boot/loader
ssh
telnet
www.yahoo.com
/etc/resolv.conf
sshd_config
/etc/ssh
/etc/resolv.conf
sshd_config
stray (περιπλανώμενου) IRQ
file: table is full
Timecounter
TSC
# dmesg | grep Timecounter
Timecounter "i8254"  frequency 1193182 Hz
Timecounter "TSC"  frequency 595573479 Hz

# sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware
kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC

i8254
# sysctl -w kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254
kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254

/etc/sysctl.conf
kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254

pccardd
"(null)""(null)"
Read
error
swap_pager: indefinite wait
buffer:
/var/log/messages
dmesg
atacontrol mode channel
lock order reversal
Called ... with the following non-sleepable locks
held
touch: not
found
adjkerntz -i
open-motif
INDEX
make index
/bin/sh
bash
freebsd-announce
ports/
/stand/sysinstall
.tgz
.tbz
packages/All
news/inn
INDEX
make index
INDEX
make index
foo/bar
foo/bar
baz/quux
baz/quux
baz/quux
make
index
refuse
INDEX
INDEX
WITH_*
WITHOUT_*
make.conf
INDEX
# pkg_version -c > /tmp/myscript

portupgrade
portupgrade
ports-mgmt/portupgrade
portupgrade
weekly_status_pkg_enable="YES"
/etc/periodic.conf
/bin/sh
bash
/bin/sh
ps
-u
ports-all
ports-base
audio/timidity++
% timidity -Ow -s 44100 -o /tmp/juke/01.wav 01.mid

_hw_float
kern.quantum
kern.sched.quantum
/kernel
/kernel.YYMMDD
/modules
/modules.YYMMDD
kernel.GENERIC
_hw_float
npx0
npx0
npx0
npx0
makeoptions DEBUG=-g

#
# Multiport high-speed serial line - 16550 UARTS
#
device sio2 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty irq 5 flags 0x501 vector siointr
device sio3 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr
device sio4 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr
device sio5 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr

make buildkernel
make installkernel
/usr/src/UPDATING
make buildkernel
make installkernel
make buildworld
make
buildkernel
make
buildworld
kern.quantum
% sysctl kern.quantum
kern.sched.quantum: 99960

kern.quantum
% sysctl kern.sched.quantum
sysctl: unknown oid 'kern.sched.quantum'

kern.sched.name
% sysctl kern.sched.name
kern.sched.name: 4BSD

kern.quantum
kern.quantum
kern.quantum
kern.sched.quantum
kern.sched.quantum
/
???
Incorrect super block
Device not configured
mount
mount
du
df
/stand/sysinstall
/dev
/dev/ad1s1a
/mnt
# newfs /dev/ad1s1a
# mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt
# cd /mnt
# dump 0af - / | restore xf -

/var
# newfs /dev/ad1s1a
# mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt
# cd /mnt
# dump 0af - / | restore xf -
# cd var
# dump 0af - /var | restore xf -

/var
# newfs /dev/ad1s1a
# newfs /dev/ad1s1d
# mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt
# mkdir /mnt/var
# mount /dev/ad1s1d /mnt/var
# cd /mnt
# dump 0af - / | restore xf -

read error
boot:
boot -v
read error
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda0 count=15

C:\> fdisk /mbr

/
/kernel
/etc
/
/tmp
/
/tmp
/tmp
/var/tmp
# ccdconfig -C
ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format

c
unused
4.2BSD
# disklabel ccd0
(it prints something sensible here, so let us try to edit it)
# disklabel -e ccd0
(edit, save, quit)
disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk;
use "disklabel -r" to install initial label

# disklabel ccd0 > /tmp/disklabel.tmp
# disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp
# disklabel -e ccd0
(this will work now)

ext2fs
/dev
/dev/da1s5
# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV da1s5
# mount -t msdosfs /dev/da1s5 /dos/e

security/cfs
c:\bootsect.bsd
c:\bootsect.dos
c:\boot.ini
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT"
C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD"
C:\="DOS"

/boot/boot1
C:\BOOTSECT.BSD
/boot/boot1
/boot/boot0
/boot/boot0
/boot/boot0
/boot/boot0
/boot/boot0
/boot/boot1
/boot/boot0
C:\BOOTSECT.BSD
/etc/lilo.conf
other=/dev/hda2
        table=/dev/hda
        label=FreeBSD

/dev/hda2
lilo
root
loader=/boot/chain.b
other=/dev/dab4
        table=/dev/dab
        loader=/boot/chain.b
        label=FreeBSD

Boot: 1:da(0,a)/kernel

/boot/grub/grub.conf
title FreeBSD 6.1
    root (hd0,a)
    kernel /boot/loader

hd0,a
(hd0,2,a)
'a'
???
sysutils
# mount -t msdosfs /dev/fd0c /floppy

# mount -t msdosfs /dev/da2s4 /zip

/stand/sysinstall
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda2 count=2
# disklabel -Brw da2 auto

/stand/sysinstall
# newfs /dev/rda2c

# mount /dev/da2c /zip

/etc/fstab
mount /zip
/dev/da2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0

Incorrect super block
Device not configured
mount
cd9660: /dev/acd0c: Invalid argument
mount
audio/xmcd
mount
root
1
# sysctl -w vfs.usermount=1

root
# chmod 666 /dev/fd0

operator
# chgrp operator /dev/acd0c
# chmod 640 /dev/acd0c

/etc/devfs.conf
root
/etc/devfs.conf
# Allow all users to mount the floppy disk.
own       /dev/fd0    root:operator
perm      /dev/fd0    0666

operator
# Allow members of the group operator to mount CD-ROMs.
own       /dev/acd0   root:operator
perm      /dev/acd0   0660

vfs.usermount=1
/etc/sysctl.conf
/dev/fd0
% mkdir ~/my-mount-point
% mount -t msdosfs /dev/fd0 ~/my-mount-point

operator
/dev/acd0c
% mkdir ~/my-mount-point
% mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0c ~/my-mount-point

% umount ~/my-mount-point

emulators/mtools
du
df
du
df
du
df
df
du
more
du
df
more
more
du
df
more
more
du
df
/var
root
Capacity
Blocks
Used
Avail
root: not found
you are not in the correct group to su root
root
rc.conf
unknown: <PNP0303> can't assign resources
root
root
/dev/MAKEDEV
/etc/rc.conf
/etc/rc
rpc.statd
schg
.shosts
vnlru
top
/var/empty
/etc/defaults/rc.conf
/etc/rc
/etc/rc.d
/etc/defaults/rc.conf
/etc/rc.conf
# echo named_enable="YES" >> /etc/rc.conf

/usr/local/etc/rc.d
root: not
found
/etc/crontab
# crontab /etc/crontab

/etc/crontab
# crontab -r

/etc/crontab
/usr/local/etc/periodic
root
root
root
you are not in the correct group to su root
root
root
wheel
root
wheel
root
wheel
rc.conf
ENTER
mount /
mount -a -t
ufs
export TERM=cons25
/etc/rc.conf
print/pnm2ppa
unknown: <PNP0303> can't assign
resources
options QUOTA

/
/usr
/usr/admin/quotas
/home
/home/admin/quotas
options    SYSVSHM          # enable shared memory
options    SYSVSEM          # enable for semaphores
options    SYSVMSG          # enable for messaging

mail/exim
mail/postfix
mail/qmail
mail/zmailer
root
mount -u /
mount -a
passwd root
root
options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT

# sysctl hw.syscons.kbd_reboot=0

options PCVT_CTRL_ALT_DEL

% perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' file ...

% tr -d '\r' < dos-text-file > unix-file

dos-text-file
unix-file
root
# cd /cdrom/bin
# ./install.sh

MAKE_KERBEROS
/etc/make.conf
/dev/MAKEDEV
/dev/MAKEDEV
/dev/MAKEDEV
/usr/src/etc/MAKEDEV
pseudo-device pty 256

# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV pty{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

/etc/ttys
ttyqc none network

tty[pqrsPQRS][0-9a-v]
snd
mixer
sequencer
dsp
# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV snd0

/etc/rc.conf
/etc/rc
# shutdown now
(Note: without -r or -h)

# return
# exit

# sysctl kern.securelevel

/etc/rc.conf
/etc/defaults/rc.conf
# sysctl kern.securelevel

/etc/rc.conf
/etc/defaults/rc.conf
rpc.statd
rpc.statd
/var
0x10000000
schg
.shosts
.shosts
root
ENABLE_SUID_SSH
true
/etc/make.conf
make world
/usr/bin/ssh
4555
chmod 4555 /usr/bin/ssh
root
ENABLE_SUID_SSH= true
/etc/make.conf
make world
vnlru
vnlru
top
Active
Inactive
Cache
active
cache
Free
Wired
/var/empty
/var/empty
/var/empty
root
schg
schg
KDENABIO failed (Operation not permitted)
startx
Couldn't
open console
root
X11
X11
X
server
fd.o
x11/XFree86-4
/usr/ports/UPDATING
XIE
PEX
lbxproxy
x11/xorg
KDENABIO failed (Operation not permitted)
startx
/dev/io
/etc/rc.conf
/dev/sysmouse
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
Section "InputDevice"
   Option          "Protocol" "SysMouse"
   Option          "Device" "/dev/sysmouse"
.....

/dev/mouse
/dev/mouse
/dev/sysmouse
# cd /dev
# rm -f mouse
# ln -s sysmouse mouse

Buttons 5
ZAxisMapping 4 5
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
Section "InputDevice"
   Identifier      "Mouse1"
   Driver          "mouse"
   Option          "Protocol" "auto"
   Option          "Device" "/dev/sysmouse"
   Option          "Buttons" "5"
   Option          "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
EndSection

;; wheel mouse
(global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down)
(global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up)

% startx -listen_tcp

Keyboard
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
# Let the server do the NumLock processing.  This should only be
# required when using pre-R6 clients
    ServerNumLock

/etc/ttys
ttyv4
ttyvc
# Edit the existing entry for ttyv3 in /etc/ttys and change
# "off" to "on".
ttyv3   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv4   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv5   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv6   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv7   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv8   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyv9   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyva   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure
ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on secure

secure
insecure
ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  on  secure

ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure

ttyv9   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure
ttyva   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure
ttyvb   "/usr/libexec/getty Pc"         cons25  off secure

root
# kill -HUP 1

n
n
startx
/etc/ttys
rc.local
X.sh
/usr/local/etc/rc.d
xdm
xdm
/etc/ttys
xdm
vt
/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers
:0 local /usr/local/bin/X vt4

/dev/ttyv3
Couldn't open console
startx
/dev/console
xterm -C
xconsole
/dev/ttyv0 0600 /dev/console

/etc/fbtab
/dev/ttyv0
root
root
root
root
root
root
xdm
kdm
Xwrapper
xdm
xdm
Xwrapper
/usr/ports/x11/wrapper
psmintr: out of sync (xxxx != yyyy)

boot: -c

UserConfig> flags psm0 0x100
UserConfig> quit

boot: -c

UserConfig> flags psm0 0x04
UserConfig> quit

/etc/make.conf
X_WINDOW_SYSTEM=        xorg

xorg
xfree86-4
xfree86-3
xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1"
.xinitrc
.xsession
*.BMP
*.PCX
VESA
/boot/loader.rc
include /boot/loader.4th
start

/boot/loader.conf
splash_bmp_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"

/boot/splash.bmp
/boot/splash.pcx
/boot/loader.rc
/boot/loader.conf
splash_pcx_load="YES"
bitmap_load="YES"
bitmap_name="/boot/splash.pcx"

# xmodmap -e "keycode 115 = comma"

xmodmap
~/.xinitrc
~/.xmodmaprc
xmodmap
xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmaprc

~/.xinitrc
~/.xmodmaprc
keycode 115 = F13
keycode 116 = F14
keycode 117 = F15

fvwm2
~/.fvwmrc
Key F13        FTIWS    A        Iconify
Key F14        FTIWS    A        RaiseLower
Key F15        A        A        Menu Workplace Nop

/dev/ed0
mountd
can't change attributes
bad exports list
Permission denied
ipfw
/dev/bpf0: device not configured
arp: unknown hardware address format
gateway_enable
/etc/rc.conf
net/slirp
/dev/ed0
/etc/rc.network
netmask 0xffffffff
# ifconfig ed0 alias 192.0.2.2 netmask 0xffffffff

# ifconfig ed0 alias 172.16.141.5 netmask 0xffffff00

link0
link2
/etc/rc.conf
# mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt

# mount -o -P sunbox:/blah /mnt

mountd
can't change
attributes
bad exports
list
/etc/exports
/etc/rc.conf
tcp_extensions=NO

MROUTING
mrouted_enable
"YES"
/etc/rc.conf
vic
vat
mumble
example.org
mumble.example.org
mumble
mumble
mumble.foo.example.org
mumble.example.org
mumble.edu
search foo.example.org example.org

domain foo.example.org

/etc/resolv.conf
Permission denied
IPFIREWALL
root
# ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any

firewall_type="open"
/etc/rc.conf
ipfw
01000 fwd 10.0.0.1 from any to foo 21

foo
10.0.0.1
foo
10.0.0.1
socket
ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket ftp.example.com ftp

ftp.example.com
ftp
/dev/bpf0: device not configured
pseudo-device bpf        # Berkeley Packet Filter

/dev
# sh MAKEDEV bpf0

net/smbfs
300
# sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300

# sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0

0
arp: unknown hardware address format
/usr/libexec/ld-elf.so.1: Shared object "libXaw.so.6" not found

net/cvsup
net/cvsup-without-gui
named
toor
suidperl
ntalk
root
tty
tty
/
/
root
root
schg
/dev/mem
/dev/kmem
# sysctl kern.securelevel

installworld
/etc/rc.conf
named
/etc/namedb/named.conf
options {
        query-source address * port 53;
};

*
toor
toor
root
/usr/local/bin
root
/usr/local/bin
/usr
/usr/local/bin
root
toor
root
root
toor
root
toor
suidperl
suidperl
# chmod u+s /usr/bin/suidperl

suidperl
/etc/make.conf
make
buildworld
-auto
No route to
host
\
ppp.core
set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command

/etc/ppp/ppp.conf
default
/etc/syslog.conf
!ppp
*.*        /var/log/ppp.log

/var/log/ppp.log
/etc/hosts
/etc/host.conf
hosts
/etc/hosts
localhost
127.0.0.1        foo.example.com foo localhost

ping -c1 `hostname`
-auto
netstat -rn
Destination        Gateway            Flags     Refs     Use     Netif Expire
default            10.0.0.2           UGSc        0        0      tun0
10.0.0.2           10.0.0.1           UH          0        0      tun0

HISADDR
/etc/rc.conf
delete ALL

ppp.conf
No route to host
MYADDR:
  delete ALL
  add 0 0 HISADDR

/etc/ppp/ppp.linkup
packet mode
delete ALL
add 0 0 HISADDR

set timeout NNN

NNN
NNN
ppp.conf
disable lqr

set dial "...... ATS10=10 OK ......"

set server
ppp.conf
set
socket
set log
local async
enable lqr
ppp.conf
disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj
deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj

CFLAGS+=-g
STRIP=
make clean && make && make
install
ps ajxww | fgrep ppp
gdb ppp PID
bt
set openmode active

set openmode passive

set openmode active 3

A
B
A
B
B
A
B
A
A
B
B
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
A
A
passive
set openmode passive

set stopped N

set openmode active N

N
shell
!
!bg
enable lqr

set log +tcp/ip

set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53
set dfilter 2 deny udp dst eq 53
set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0

.mc
define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl

sendmail -q
CCP: CcpSendConfigReq
CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6)

disable pred1

set log +connect

set login
set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \
  \"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \\c \\n"

\
set phone "123 456 789"
"
\
\P
\T
\
set dial "\"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\X OK"

ATZ
OK
AT\X
OK

set phone 1234567
set dial "\"\" ATZ OK ATDT\\T"

ATZ
OK
ATDT1234567

ppp.core
% tar xfz ppp-*.src.tar.gz
% cd ppp*/ppp
% echo STRIP= >>Makefile
% echo CFLAGS+=-g >>Makefile
% make clean all
% su
# make install
# chmod 555 /usr/sbin/ppp

root
ppp.core
% su
# gdb /usr/sbin/ppp ppp.core
(gdb) bt
.....
(gdb) f 0
....
(gdb) i args
....
(gdb) l
.....

iface
:-)
iface-alias
set log +tcp/ip
/etc/ppp/ppp.conf
nat port proto internalmachine:port port

proto
tcp
udp
internalmachine
port
/usr/src/lib/libalias/alias_*.c
alias_ftp.c
nat addr
internal
nat port udp internal :65000
65000
nat port
nat port udp internal:27005
27015
nat port udp internal:5632
5632
nat port tcp internal:5631
5631
nat port udp internal:6112
6112
nat port udp internal:27901
27910
nat port udp internal:60021
60021
nat port udp internal:60040
60040
nat port udp internal:8675
8675
nat port udp internal:5009
5009
F
C
S
show hdlc
set accmap 0x000a0000
^Q
^S
async
close lcp
term
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Class\NetTrans\0000\MaxMTU

Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID
for adapter\MTU
Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID for
adapter\EnablePMTUBHDetect
ip_interface_MTU
1450
1500
Save as Auto Configure
Make Active
enable tcpmssfixup
netstat -rn
tip
cu
<@>
tip
% dmesg | grep sio

sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa
sio0: type 16550A
sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa
sio1: type 16550A

0x3f8
0x2f8
GENERIC
sio2
COM3
/dev/cuaa2
/dev/ttyd2
ttydX
/dev/ttydX
cuaaX
cuaaX
ttydX
ttydX
cuaaX
COM_MULTIPORT
options "COM_MULTIPORT"
device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781
device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781
device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781
device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr

0x700
0x080
0x001
ttydX
cuaaX
# stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1

# stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff

/etc/rc.serial
ttyd5
ttyd5
# stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600

ttyd5
root
RTS/CTS
AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W

/etc/ttys
ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure

/dev/ttyd1
std.57600
/etc/gettytab
dialup
on
insecure
root
ttydX
dialup
.profile
.login
root
root
secure
root
/etc/ttys
# kill -HUP 1

/etc/ttys
on
% ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1'

747 ??  I      0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1

/etc/ttys
ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure

/dev/ttyd4
std.38400
/etc/gettytab
root
secure
tip
cu
uucp
dialer
dialer
# chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu
# chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip

at=hayes
/etc/remote
BUSY
NO
DIALTONE
CONNECT 115200
ATX0&W
ATS7=45&W
tipconf.h
/usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip
#define HAYES 0
#define
HAYES 1
make
make
install
/etc/remote
/dev/cuaa0
cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none

tip cuaa0
/dev/cuaa0
# cd /dev
# sh MAKEDEV cuaa0

root
# cu -lline -sspeed

line
/dev/cuaa0
speed
57600
~.
<@>
<@>
/etc/phones
<@>
/etc/remote
pn=\@

/etc/remote
tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\
        :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du:
tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\
        :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:

tip -115200 5551234
cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\
        :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du:

cu 5551234 -s 115200
tip1200
cu1200
tip1200
CONNECT host
cm
/etc/remote
pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\
        :cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13:
muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\
        :cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13:
deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\
        :dv=/dev/cuaa2:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234:

tip pain
tip
muffin
pain
muffin
tip deep13
/etc/remote
<\@>
pn
big-university:\
        :pn=\@:tc=dialout
dialout:\
        :dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none:

/etc/phones
big-university 5551111
big-university 5551112
big-university 5551113
big-university 5551114

~s
~sforce=single-char
single-char
single-char
single-char
$HOME/.tiprc
force=single-char

~s
force=^^
raisechar=^^

tip
~p
~t
~p <local-file> [<remote-file>]
~t <remote-file> [<local-file>]

~C rz
~C lrz
~C sz files
~C lsz files
top
chmod
sup
top
Inact
Cache
Buf
Free
chmod
foo
bar
% chmod g-w bar

foo
/
foo
bar
foo
bar
% chmod 555 foo/

foo
bar
emulators/doscmd
emulators/pcemu
sup
/usr/share/examples/BSD_daemon/
/dev/null
fdisk /mbr
/dev/null
/dev/null
/dev/null
/dev/random
/
make world
RELENG_5
RELENG_6
HEAD
HEAD
5-STABLE
6-STABLE
make world
make world
DESTDIR
make world
make install
${DESTDIR}
make world
cvsup.FreeBSD.org
/usr/src/Makefile
bin-tarball:
(cd ${DISTDIR}; \
tar cf - . \
gzip --no-name -9 -c | \
split -b 240640 - \
${RELEASEDIR}/tarballs/bindist/bin_tgz.)

0
X
0x800
0x200
0x3ff
src/sys/conf/majors
files.i386
From: Bill Paul <wpaul@skynet.ctr.columbia.edu>
Subject: Re: the fs fun never stops
To: Ben Rosengart
Date: Sun, 20 Sep 1998 15:22:50 -0400 (EDT)
Cc: current@FreeBSD.org

> Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode
> fault virtual address   = 0x40
> fault code              = supervisor read, page not present
> instruction pointer     = 0x8:0xf014a7e5
                                ^^^^^^^^^^
> stack pointer           = 0x10:0xf4ed6f24
> frame pointer           = 0x10:0xf4ed6f28
> code segment            = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b
>                         = DPL 0, pres 1, def32 1, gran 1
> processor eflags        = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0
> current process         = 80 (mount)
> interrupt mask          =
> trap number             = 12
> panic: page fault

0x8:
0xf0xxxxxx
% nm -n /kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxxx

f0xxxxxx
% nm -n /kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxx

options DDB
config -g KERNELCONFIG
cd /sys/compile/KERNELCONFIG;
make
make install
kernel
kernel.debug
kernel
/kernel
kernel.debug
/etc/rc.conf
dumpdev
dumpdev
/etc/rc.conf
/var/crash
/var/crash
options
MAXMEM=(foo)
% gdb -k /sys/compile/KERNELCONFIG/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0
(gdb) where

NKPDE
src/sys/i386/include/pmap.h
#ifndef NKPDE
#ifdef SMP
#define NKPDE                   254     /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */
#else
#define NKPDE                   255     /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */
#endif  /* SMP */
#endif

NKPDE
src/sys/i386/conf/Makefile.i386
src/sys/i386/conf/kernel.script
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386", "elf32-i386")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
ENTRY(btext)
SEARCH_DIR(/usr/lib); SEARCH_DIR(/usr/obj/elf/home/src/tmp/usr/i386-unknown-freebsdelf/lib);
SECTIONS
{
  /* Read-only sections, merged into text segment: */
  . = 0xc0100000 + SIZEOF_HEADERS;
  .interp     : { *(.interp)    }

make world
libkvm
pmap.h
/usr/include/vm/

Όνομα	Ερμηνεία
`en_US.ISO8859-1`	Αγγλικά ΗΠΑ
`bn_BD.ISO10646-1`	Bengali (ή Bangla)
`da_DK.ISO8859-1`	Δανέζικα
`de_DE.ISO8859-1`	Γερμανικά
`es_ES.ISO8859-1`	Ισπανικά
`fr_FR.ISO8859-1`	Γαλλικά
`hu_HU.ISO8859-2`	Ουγγαρέζικα
`it_IT.ISO8859-15`	Ιταλικά
`ja_JP.eucJP`	Γιαπωνέζικα (κωδικοποίηση EUC)
`mn_MN.UTF-8`	Μογγολικά (κωδικοποίηση UTF-8)
`nl_NL.ISO8859-1`	Ολλανδικά
`pl_PL.ISO8859-2`	Πολωνικά
`pt_BR.ISO8859-1`	Πορτογαλικά (Βραζιλία)
`ru_RU.KOI8-R`	Ρώσικα (κωδικοποίηση KOI8-R)
`sr_YU.ISO8859-2`	Σέρβικα
`tr_TR.ISO8859-9`	Τούρκικα
`zh_CN.GB2312`	Απλοποιημένα Κινέζικα (κωδικοποίηση GB2312)
`zh_TW.Big5`	Παραδοσιακά Κινέζικα (κωδικοποίηση Big5)

Μορφή	Ερμηνεία
`html-split`	Συλλογή μικρών, συνδεμένων μεταξύ τους, αρχείων HTML.
`html`	Ένα μεγάλο HTML αρχείο που περιέχει ολόκληρο το έγγραφο.
`pdb`	Μορφή βάσης δεδομένων για το Palm Pilot, για χρήση με το πρόγραμμα ανάγνωσης iSilo.
`pdf`	Μορφή κειμένου PDF της Adobe.
`ps`	PostScript
`rtf`	Μορφή Εμπλουτισμένου Κειμένου της Microsoft [a]
`txt`	Απλό κείμενο
Πίνακας Σημειώσεων: a. Οι αριθμοί σελίδων δεν ανανεώνονται αυτόματα όταν φορτώνετε αυτή τη μορφή εγγράφου στο Word. Πιέστε CTRL+A, CTRL+END, F9 μετά τη φόρτωση του κειμένου για την ανανέωση των αριθμών σελίδων.

Τρόπος	Περιγραφή
`zip`	Μορφή συμπίεσης Zip. Αν θέλετε να το αποσυμπιέσετε στο FreeBSD θα πρέπει να εγκαταστήσετε πρώτα το port `archivers/unzip`.
`bz2`	Η μορφή BZip2. Είναι λιγότερο διαδεδομένη από το Zip, αλλά γενικά δημιουργεί μικρότερα αρχεία. Εγκαταστήστε το port `archivers/bzip2` για να αποσυμπιέσετε αρχεία αυτού του τύπου.

Μοντέλο	Έκδοση BIOS
T20	IYET49WW ή μεταγενέστερο
T21	KZET22WW ή μεταγενέστερο
A20p	IVET62WW ή μεταγενέστερο
A20m	IWET54WW ή μεταγενέστερο
A21p	KYET27WW ή μεταγενέστερο
A21m	KXET24WW ή μεταγενέστερο
A21e	KUET30WW

Μέγεθος block fs	λειτουργεί	πρέπει να λειτουργεί
4K	4T-1	>4T
8K	>32G	32T-1
16K	>128G	32T-1
32K	>512G	64T-1
64K	>2048G	128T-1

Συχνές Ερωτήσεις για το FreeBSD 6.`X` και 7.`X`

Η Ομάδα Τεκμηρίωσης του FreeBSD

Κεφάλαιο 1 Εισαγωγή

Κεφάλαιο 2 Τεκμηρίωση και Υποστήριξη

Κεφάλαιο 3 Εγκατάσταση

Κεφάλαιο 4 Συμβατότητα Υλικού

4.1 Γενικά

4.2 Αρχιτεκτονικές και Επεξεργαστές

4.3 Σκληροί δίσκοι, μονάδες ταινίας, οδηγοί CD και DVD

4.4 Πληκτρολόγια και ποντίκια

4.5 Συσκευές σειριακής επικοινωνίας και Δικτύωσης

4.6 Συσκευές ήχου

4.7 Άλλο υλικό

Κεφάλαιο 5 Αντιμετώπιση Προβλημάτων

Κεφάλαιο 6 Εμπορικές Εφαρμογές

Κεφάλαιο 7 Εφαρμογές Τελικού Χρήστη

Κεφάλαιο 8 Ρύθμιση Πυρήνα

Κεφάλαιο 9 Δίσκοι, Συστήματα Αρχείων και Φορτωτές Εκκίνησης

Κεφάλαιο 10 Διαχείριση Συστήματος

Κεφάλαιο 11 Το Σύστημα X Windows και οι Εικονικές Κονσόλες

Κεφάλαιο 12 Δικτύωση

Κεφάλαιο 13 Ασφάλεια

Κεφάλαιο 14 PPP

Κεφάλαιο 15 Σειριακές Επικοινωνίες

Κεφάλαιο 16 Διάφορες Ερωτήσεις

Κεφάλαιο 17 Χιούμορ και FreeBSD

Κεφάλαιο 18 Προχωρημένα Θέματα

Κεφάλαιο 19 Ευχαριστίες

Bibliography

Σημειώσεις

	Οι προειδοποιήσεις αυτές προέρχονται από το Witness, ένα διαγνωστικό σύστημα για κλειδώματα κατά τη λειτουργία (run-time lock) το οποίο βρίσκεται στους πυρήνες -CURRENT του FreeBSD (αλλά αφαιρείται στις επίσημες εκδόσεις). Μπορείτε να διαβάσετε περισσότερα για το Witness και τις δυνατότητες του, στη σελίδα manual witness(4). Μεταξύ άλλων το Witness επαληθεύει τη σειρά των run-time locks χρησιμοποιώντας ένα συνδυασμό από ενσωματωμένες σειρές κλειδωμάτων καθώς και από τη σειρά που ανιχνεύεται κατά την εκτέλεση, και παράγει προειδοποιήσεις στην κονσόλα όταν παραβιάζονται. Σκοπός αυτής της λειτουργίας είναι να ανιχνεύονται πιθανά deadlocks τα οποία μπορεί να οφείλονται σε παραβιάσεις της σειράς των κλειδωμάτων. Είναι αξιοσημείωτο ότι το Witness είναι κάπως συντηρητικό, και είναι πιθανόν να δώσει λάθος προειδοποιήσεις. Στην περίπτωση που το Witness αναφέρει ένα πραγματικό πρόβλημα με την σειρά των κλειδωμάτων, είναι σαν να λέει "αν ήσασταν άτυχος, θα σας είχε συμβεί deadlock σε αυτό το σημείο". Υπάρχουν κάποιες γνωστές περιπτώσεις "λανθασμένης διάγνωσης" για τις οποίες χρειάζεται να δημιουργήσουμε καλύτερη τεκμηρίωση ώστε να αποφύγουμε και τις περιττές αναφορές σφαλμάτων. Οι λιγότερο γνωστές περιπτώσεις οφείλονται περισσότερο σε νέα κλειδώματα, καθώς οι αντιστροφές στη σειρά των κλειδωμάτων διορθώνονται γρήγορα επειδή το Witness είναι πάντα απασχολημένο και δημιουργεί συνέχεια νέες προειδοποιήσεις :-).
--Από τον Robert Watson `<rwatson@FreeBSD.org>` στη λίστα freebsd-current, στις 14 Δεκεμβρίου 2003

	The «can't assign resources» messages indicate that the devices are legacy ISA devices for which a non-PnP-aware driver is compiled into the kernel. These include devices such as keyboard controllers, the programmable interrupt controller chip, and several other bits of standard infrastructure. The resources cannot be assigned because there is already a driver using those addresses.
--Garrett Wollman `<wollman@FreeBSD.org>`, 24 April 2001

Vendor	Model
ASUS	PCI-L101-TB
Accton	ENI1203
Cogent	EM960PCI
Compex	ENET32-PCI
D-Link	DE-530
Dayna	DP1203, DP2100
DEC	DE435, DE450
Danpex	EN-9400P3
JCIS	Condor JC1260
Linksys	EtherPCI
Mylex	LNP101
SMC	EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332)
SMC	EtherPower (Model 8432)
TopWare	TE-3500P
Znyx (2.2.x)	ZX312, ZX314, ZX342, ZX345, ZX346, ZX348
Znyx (3.x)	ZX345Q, ZX346Q, ZX348Q, ZX412Q, ZX414, ZX442, ZX444, ZX474, ZX478, ZX212, ZX214 (10mbps/hd)

Filesystem	Quota file
`/usr`	`/usr/admin/quotas`
`/home`	`/home/admin/quotas`
...	...