Copyright © 2008 The FreeBSD Documentation Project
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation.
Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the “™” or the “®” symbol.
This document will highlight the differences between FreeBSD and Linux so that intermediate to advanced Linux users can quickly familiarize themselves with the basics of FreeBSD. This is just a technical quickstart, it does not attempt to design “philosophical” differences between the two operating systems.
This document assumes that you have already installed FreeBSD. If you have not installed FreeBSD or need help with the installation process please refer to the Installing FreeBSD chapter of the FreeBSD Handbook.
Those coming from Linux are often surprised to find that Bash is not the default shell in FreeBSD. In fact, Bash is not even in the default installation. Instead, FreeBSD uses tcsh(1) as the default shell. Although, Bash and your other favorite shells are available in FreeBSD's Packages and Ports Collection.
If you do install other shells you can use chsh(1) to set a user's default shell. It is, however, recommended that the root's default shell remain unchanged. The reason for this is that shells not included in the base distribution are normally installed in /usr/local/bin or /usr/bin. In the event of a problem the file systems where /usr/local/bin and /usr/bin are located may not be mounted. In this case root would not have access to its default shell, preventing root from logging in. For this reason a second root account, the toor account, was created for use with non-default shells. See the security FAQ for information regarding the toor account.
In addition to the traditional UNIX® method of installing software (download source, extract, edit source code, and compile), FreeBSD offers two other methods for installing applications: packages and ports. A complete list of of all available ports and packages can be found here.
Packages are pre-compiled applications, the FreeBSD equivalents of .deb files on Debian/Ubuntu based systems and .rpm files on Red Hat/Fedora based systems. Packages are installed using pkg_add(1). For example, the following command installs Apache 2.2:
# pkg_add /tmp/apache-2.2.6_2.tbz
Using the -r switch will tell pkg_add(1) to
automatically fetch a package and install it, as well as any dependencies:
# pkg_add -r apache22 Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/Latest/apache22.tbz... Done. Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/expat-2.0.0_1.tbz... Done. Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/perl-5.8.8_1.tbz... Done. [snip] To run apache www server from startup, add apache22_enable="YES" in your /etc/rc.conf. Extra options can be found in startup script.
Note: If you are running a release version of FreeBSD (6.2, 6.3, 7.0, etc., generally installed from CD-ROM) pkg_add -r will download packages built for that specific release. These packages may not be the most up-to-date version of the application. You can use the PACKAGESITE variable to override this default behavior. For example, set PACKAGESITE to ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable/Latest/ to download the most recent packages built for the 6.X series.
You can read more about the FreeBSD versions in the article Choosing the FreeBSD Version That Is Right For You.
For more information on packages please refer to section 4.4 of the FreeBSD Handbook: Using the Packages System.
FreeBSD's second method for installing applications is the Ports Collection. The Ports Collection is a framework of Makefiles and patches specifically customized for installing various software applications from source on FreeBSD. When installing a port the system will fetch the source code, apply any required patches, compile the code, and install the application (and do the same for any dependencies).
The Ports Collection, sometimes referred to as the ports tree, can be found in /usr/ports. That is assuming the Ports Collection was installed during the FreeBSD installation process. If the Ports Collection has not been installed it can be added from the installation discs using sysinstall(8), or pulled from the FreeBSD servers using csup(1) or portsnap(8). Detailed instructions for installing the Ports Collection can be found in section 4.5.1 of the handbook.
Installing a port is as simple (generally) as changing in to the port's directory and starting the build process. The following example installs Apache 2.2 from the Ports Collection:
# cd /usr/ports/www/apache22 # make install clean
A major benefit of using ports to install software is the ability to customize the installation options. For example, when installing Apache 2.2 from ports you can enable mod_ldap by setting the WITH_LDAP make(1) variable:
# cd /usr/ports/www/apache22 # make WITH_LDAP="YES" install clean
Please see section 4.5 of the FreeBSD Handbook, Using the Ports Collection, for more information about the Ports Collection.
Packages are just pre-compiled ports, so it is really a matter of installing from source (ports) versus installing from binary packages. Each method has its own benefits:
Packages (binary)
Faster installation (compiling large applications can take quite a while).
You do not need to understand how to compile software.
No need to install compilers on your system.
Ports (source)
Ability to customize installation options. (Packages are normally built with standard options. With ports you can customize various options, such as building additional modules or changing the default path.)
You can apply your own patches if you are so inclined.
If you do not have any special requirements, packages will probably suit your situation just fine. If you may ever need to customize, ports are the way to go. (And remember, if you need to customize but prefer packages, you can build a custom package from ports using make package and then copy the package to other servers.)
Linux uses the SysV init system, whereas FreeBSD uses the traditional BSD-style init(8). Under the BSD-style init(8) there are no run-levels and no /etc/inittab, instead startup is controlled by the rc(8) utility. The /etc/rc script reads /etc/defaults/rc.conf and /etc/rc.conf to determine which services are to be started. The specified services are then started by running the corresponding service initialization scripts located in /etc/rc.d/ and /usr/local/etc/rc.d/. These scripts are similar to the scripts located in /etc/init.d/ on Linux systems.
|
Why are there two locations for service initialization scripts? The scripts found in /etc/rc.d/ are for applications that are part of the “base” system. (cron(8), sshd(8), syslog(3), and others.) The scripts in /usr/local/etc/rc.d/ are for user-installed applications such as Apache, Squid, etc. What is the difference between the “base” system and user-installed applications? FreeBSD is developed as a complete operating system. In other words, the kernel, system libraries, and userland utilities (such as ls(1), cat(1), cp(1), etc.) are developed and released together as one. This is what is referred to as the “base” system. The user-installed applications are applications that are not part of the “base” system, such as Apache, X11, Mozilla Firefox, etc. These user-installed applications are generally installed using FreeBSD's Packages and Ports Collection. In order to keep them separate from the “base” system, user-installed applications are normally installed under /usr/local/. Therefore the user-installed binaries reside in /usr/local/bin/, configuration files are in /usr/local/etc/, and so on. |
Services are enabled by specifying ServiceName_enable="YES" in /etc/rc.conf (rc.conf(5)). Take a look at /etc/defaults/rc.conf for the system defaults, these default settings are overridden by settings in /etc/rc.conf. Also, when installing additional applications be sure to review the documentation to determine how to enable any associated services.
The following snippet from /etc/rc.conf enables sshd(8) and Apache 2.2. It also specifies that Apache should be started with SSL.
# enable SSHD sshd_enable="YES" # enable Apache with SSL apache22_enable="YES" apache22_flags="-DSSL"
Once a service has been enabled in /etc/rc.conf, the service can be started from the command line (without rebooting the system):
# /etc/rc.d/sshd start
If a service has not been enabled it can be started from the command line using forcestart:
# /etc/rc.d/sshd forcestart
Instead of a generic ethX identifier that Linux uses to identify a network interface, FreeBSD uses the driver name followed by a number as the identifier. The following output from ifconfig(8) shows two Intel® Pro 1000 network interfaces (em0 and em1):
% ifconfig
em0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.10.10.255
ether 00:50:56:a7:70:b2
media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
status: active
em1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
inet 192.168.10.222 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
ether 00:50:56:a7:03:2b
media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
status: active
An IP address can be assigned to an interface using ifconfig(8). However, to remain persistent across reboots the IP configuration must be included in /etc/rc.conf. The following example specifies the hostname, IP address, and default gateway:
hostname="server1.example.com" ifconfig_em0="inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 255.255.255.0" defaultrouter="10.10.10.1"
Use the following to configure an interface for DHCP:
hostname="server1.example.com" ifconfig_em0="DHCP"
Like IPTABLES in Linux, FreeBSD also offers a kernel level firewall; actually FreeBSD offers three firewalls:
IPFIREWALL or IPFW (the command to manage an IPFW ruleset is ipfw(8)) is the firewall developed and maintained by the FreeBSD developers. IPFW can be paired with dummynet(4) to provide traffic shaping capabilities and simulate different types of network connections.
Sample IPFW rule to allow SSH in:
ipfw add allow tcp from any to me 22 in via $ext_if
IPFILTER is the firewall application developed by Darren Reed. It is not specific to FreeBSD, and has been ported to several operating systems including NetBSD, OpenBSD, SunOS, HP/UX, and Solaris.
Sample IPFILTER command to allow SSH in:
pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port = 22
The last firewall application, PF, is developed by the OpenBSD project. PF was created as a replacement for IPFILTER. As such, the PF syntax is very similar to that of IPFILTER. PF can be paired with altq(4) to provide QoS features.
Sample PF command to allow SSH in:
pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp from any to ($ext_if) port 22
There are three methods for updating a FreeBSD system: from source, binary updates, and the installation discs.
Updating from source is the most involved update method, but offers the greatest amount of flexibility. The process involves synchronizing a local copy of the FreeBSD source code with the FreeBSD CVS (Concurrent Versioning System) servers. Once the local source code is up to date you can build new versions of the kernel and userland. For more information on source updates see the chapter on updating in the FreeBSD Handbook.
Binary updates are similar to using yum or apt-get to update a Linux system. The command freebsd-update(8) will fetch new updates and install them. The updates can be scheduled using cron(8).
Note: If you do use cron(8) to schedule the updates, please be sure to use freebsd-update cron in your crontab(1) to reduce the possibility of a large number of machines all pulling updates at the same time.
0 3 * * * root /usr/sbin/freebsd-update cron
The last update method, updating from the installation discs, is a straight-forward process. Boot from the installation discs and select the option to upgrade.
In Linux, you may have looked at /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward to determine if IP forwarding was enabled. Under FreeBSD you should use sysctl(8) to view this and other system settings, as procfs(5) has been deprecated in current versions of FreeBSD. (Although sysctl is available in Linux as well.)
In the IP forwarding example, you would use the following to determine if IP forwarding is enabled on your FreeBSD system:
% sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0
The -a flag is used to list all the system settings:
% sysctl -a
kern.ostype: FreeBSD
kern.osrelease: 6.2-RELEASE-p9
kern.osrevision: 199506
kern.version: FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE-p9 #0: Thu Nov 29 04:07:33 UTC 2007
root@i386-builder.daemonology.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC
kern.maxvnodes: 17517
kern.maxproc: 1988
kern.maxfiles: 3976
kern.argmax: 262144
kern.securelevel: -1
kern.hostname: server1
kern.hostid: 0
kern.clockrate: { hz = 1000, tick = 1000, profhz = 666, stathz = 133 }
kern.posix1version: 200112
...
Note: Some of these sysctl values are read-only.
There are occasions where procfs is required, such as running older software, using truss(1) to trace system calls, and Linux Binary Compatibility. (Although, Linux Binary Compatibility uses its own procfs, linprocfs(5).) If you need to mount procfs you can add the following to /etc/fstab:
proc /proc procfs rw,noauto 0 0
Note:
noautowill prevent /proc from being automatically mounted at boot.
And then mount procfs with:
# mount /proc
| Linux command (Red Hat/Debian) | FreeBSD equivalent | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| yum install package / apt-get install package | pkg_add -r package | Install package from remote repository |
| rpm -ivh package / dpkg -i package | pkg_add -v package | Install package |
| rpm -qa / dpkg -l | pkg_info | List installed packages |
| Linux command | FreeBSD equivalent | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| lspci | pciconf | List PCI devices |
| lsmod | kldstat | List loaded kernel modules |
| modprobe | kldload / kldunload | Load/Unload kernel modules |
| strace | truss | Trace system calls |
Hopefully this document has provided you with enough to get started with FreeBSD. Be sure to take a look at the FreeBSD Handbook for more indepth coverage of the topics touched on as well as the many topics not covered in this document.
This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.
For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.